1 .host 1 ------switch------------router--------host 2
how the traffic route when host 1 ping host 2
2.ftp port number , ftp two mode ,two session
Active and passive are the two modes that FTP can run in. FTP uses two channels between client and server, the command channel and the data channel, which are actually separate TCP connections. The command channel is for commands and responses, the data channel is for actually transferring files. It's a nifty way of sending commands to the server without having to wait for the current data transfer to finish.
In active mode, the client establishes the command channel (from client port X to server port 21(b)) but the server establishes the data channel (from server port 20(b) to client port Y, where Y has been supplied by the client).
In passive mode, the client establishes both channels. In that case, the server tells the client which port should be used for the data channel.
Passive mode is generally used in situations where the FTP server is not able to establish the data channel. One of the major reasons for this is network firewalls. While you may have a firewall rule which allows you to open up FTP channels to ftp.microsoft.com, Microsoft's servers may not have the power to open up the data channel back through your firewall.
Passive mode solves this by opening up both types of channel from the client side. In order to make this hopefully clearer:
Active mode:
Client opens up command channel from client port 2000(a) to server port 21(b).
Client sends PORT 2001(a) to server and server acknowledges on command channel.
Server opens up data channel from server port 20(b) to client port 2001(a).
Client acknowledges on data channel.
Passive mode:
Client opens up command channel from client port 2000(a) to server port 21(b).
Client sends PASV to server on command channel.
Server sends back (on command channel) PORT 1234(a) after starting to listen on that port.
Client opens up data channel from client 2001(a) to server port 1234(a).
Server acknowledges on data channel.
At this point, the command and data channels are both open.
Active FTP is beneficial to the FTP server admin, but detrimental to the client side admin.
The FTP server attempts to make connections to random high ports on the client,
which would almost certainly be blocked by a firewall on the client side.
Passive FTP is beneficial to the client, but detrimental to the FTP server admin.
The client will make both connections to the server, but one of them will be to a random high port,
which would almost certainly be blocked by a firewall on the server side.
software QA
phone screen：
为什么要用VLAN interface
二层交换机可以起vlan，但是vlan之间要想相互通信就得上三层交换机，起vlan interfacevrrp priority 高 or 低
FTP， DNS port number
- FTP 两种 mode的区别